Foreword
Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, Director, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, United Nations Environment Programme

Introduction
Martin Charter, The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK, and Ursula Tischner, econcept, Germany


Part 1: Background to Sustainable Consumption and Production

1. Sustainable development: from catchwords to benchmarks
and operational concepts
Joachim H. Spangenberg, Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Germany
1.1 The history of development of the sustainability concept
1.2 What is sustainable development?
1.2.1 Sustainable development: a definition
1.2.2 Macro measurements
1.2.3 The concept and its limits
1.3 What is sustainable production and consumption?
1.3.1 Measures of consumption
1.3.2 Business and state consumption
1.3.3 Household consumption
1.3.4 Sustainable growth: minimum benchmarking conditions
1.4 Applying the concept of sustainability
1.4.1 Sustainability metrics for the micro level
1.4.2 The corporate human development index (CHDI)
1.5 Supporters, opponents and the role of ecodesign
1.5.1 Supporters and opponents
1.5.2 Some key strategies and the role of ecodesign
1.6 Outlook

2. Rewiring global consumption: strategies for transformation
Nick Robins, Henderson Global Investors, UK, and Bas de Leeuw, Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, Netherlands; United Nations Environment Programme, France
2.1 The consumption explosion 48
2.2 Consuming the globe? 49
2.3 Re-linking consumption and quality of life 51
2.4 From niche to system 52
2.5 Achieving the global shift 53
2.6 Conclusions 55

3. Sustainable solutions in less industrialised countries: the conditions and actors at state and company level for sustainable product design
Roland Lentz, Intercambio, Germany
3.1 Environmental management as a framework for sustainable product development and design in less industrialised countries
3.1.1 Basic ecological rules
3.1.2 The environmental impact equation
3.1.3 The management framework
3.1.4 Drivers and obstacles for sustainable product development and design in less industrialised countries
3.1.5 The role of legislation
3.2 Potential strategies for implementation
3.2.1 State level
3.2.2 Regional level
3.2.3 Company level
3.2.4 Consultancies
3.2.5 Industry associations
3.2.6 Establishing an environmental information system
3.2.7 Programmes for international technical aid
3.4 Conclusions

4. Towards sustainable business?
Peter James, University of Bradford, UK
4.1 What is sustainable business?
4.2 A sustainable value chain
4.2.1 External relations
4.2.2 Firm infrastructure
4.2.3 Human resources
4.2.4 Science and technology
4.2.5 Procurement
4.2.6 Premises
4.2.7 Design
4.2.8 Inbound and outbound logistics
4.2.9 Operations
4.2.10 Marketing and sales
4.2.11 Service
4.2.12 Product disposal
4.2.13 Risk management
4.3 Winning hearts and minds for sustainable business
4.4 Evaluating sustainable business
4.5 The future of sustainable business

5. Integrated product policy and eco-product development
Martin Charter, Alex Young, Aleksandra Kielkiewicz-Young and Inga Belmane, The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK
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5.1 Background
5.2 Integrated product policy
5.2.1 Definitions
5.2.2 Objectives and conceptual approach
5.2.3 Principles and strategies
5.2.4 Building blocks
5.2.5 Integrated product policy toolbox
5.2.6 Uncertainty surrounding integrated product policy
5.3 Environmental product policy: Denmark's approach
5.3.1 Accumulation of know-how, methodology and competence
5.3.2 Information tools
5.3.3 Green taxes
5.3.4 Subsidies
5.3.5 Green pubic procurement
5.3.6 Establishment of product area panels
5.4 Integrated product policy: a different perspective
5.5 Integrated product policy and eco-product development
5.5.1 Focus on the electronics sector
5.6 Concluding remarks


Part 2: Sustainable, Eco-product and Eco-service Development

6. Sustainable product design
Ursula Tischner, econcept, Germany, and Martin Charter, The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK
6.1 What is sustainable product design?
6.1.1 Product design
6.1.2 Ecodesign and design for environment
6.1.3 Sustainable product design is more than ecodesign
6.2 Drivers and obstacles for sustainable product design
6.2.1 Changing patterns of consumption and production
6.2.2 Changing technologies
6.2.3 Changing economic and social patterns
6.3 Sustainable product design strategies
6.3.1 From repair to rethink: the four Rs
6.3.2 Eco-innovation
6.4 Sustainable solutions
6.4.1 Sustainable product design models
6.4.2 Examples of sustainable product design
6.5 Conclusions

7. The Next Industrial Revolution
William McDonough and Michael Braungart, McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, USA
7.1 Why eco-efficiency won't work
7.1.1 A retroactive design assignment
7.2 Eco-effectiveness
7.2.1 Principle 1: waste equals food
7.2.2 Principle 2: respect diversity
7.2.3 Principle 3: use current solar income
7.3 Equity, economy, ecology
7.3.1 A new design assignment
7.5 Conclusions

8. Sustainability and services
Walter R. Stahel, The Product-Life Institute, Switzerland
8.1 Sustainability as a vision
8.1.1 Crossing the first borderline to a sustainable economy
8.1.2 Crossing the second borderline to a sustainable society
8.2 The service economy: selling performance instead of goods
8.3 Policies for more sustainable solutions
8.4 Strategies for more sustainable solutions
8.4.1 Sufficiency solutions
8.4.2 Efficiency solutions
8.5 The shift from manufacturing to a service economy
8.6 The way to sustainable solutions: benchmarking

9. Measuring sustainability in ecodesign
Joseph Fiksel, Battelle Memorial Institute, USA
9.1 State of the art
9.1.1 Economic performance evaluation
9.1.2 Environmental performance evaluation
9.1.3 Societal performance evaluation
9.1.4 Sustainability reporting
9.2 Sustainability measurement principles
9.2.1 Resource and value
9.2.2 The 'triple bottom line'
9.2.3 Life-cycle consideration
9.2.4 Leading and lagging indicators
9.3 Sustainability indicator selection process
9.3.1 Step 1: consider stakeholder needs
9.3.2 Step 2: identify major product aspects
9.3.3 Step 3: establish objectives
9.3.4 Step 4: select indicators and metrics
9.3.5 Step 5: determine targets
9.4 Best-practice companies
9.4.1 Company profiles
9.4.2 Applying the principles
9.4.3 Applying the indicator selection process
9.5 Integrated product development
9.6 The strategic importance of sustainability measurement
Case-study company websites and source material

10. What sustainable solutions do small and medium-sized enterprises prefer?
Carolien G. van Hemel, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
10.1 Why do small and medium-sized enterprises need specific support?
10.2 Studying design for environment preferences in the
innovation centre ecodesign project
10.2.1 The innovation centre ecodesign project
10.2.2 Participating companies and products involved
10.2.3 Classifying the design for environment improvement options
10.2.4 Success rate of the design for environment improvement options
10.2.5 The newness of the design for environment improvement options
10.3 Results: types, success rates and newness of the studied design for environment options
10.3.1 The most frequently suggested design for environment principles
10.3.2 The most successful design for environment principles
10.3.3 Comparison with other studies
10.3.4 Successful but less frequently suggested design for environment principles
10.3.5 Newness or additional value of the design for environment options
10.4 Conclusions and recommendations

11. Sustainable product development:a strategy for developing countries
Diego Masera, EU Micro-Enterprises Support Programme and Ecodesign Consultant
11.1 A sustainable product development strategy
11.1.1 Assessment phase
11.1.2 Implementation phase
11.2 Case study: furniture production in the Purépecha region of Mexico
11.3 Conclusions

12. Managing ecodesign
Martin Charter, The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK
12.1 Where are we now?
12.2 The organisational context of ecodesign
12.3 Organisational integration of ecodesign
12.3.1 Ecodesign: seven-stage model
12.3.2 Ecodesign managers and ecodesigners
12.4 Eco-product development
12.4.1 Conceptualisation
12.4.2 Evaluation
12.4.3 Refining concepts
12.4.4 Prototype, test marketing and manufacturing
12.4.5 Market launch
12.5 Implementation of ecodesign
12.5.1 Hewlett-Packard
12.5.2 IBM
12.5.3 Kodak
12.5.4 Electrolux
12.5.5 Body Shop International
12.6 Conclusions

13. Towards a model for product-oriented environmental management systems
Han Brezet, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, and Cristina Rocha, National Institute of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Portugal
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 From cure to prevention
13.1.2 From processes to products
13.1.3 From reactive to proactive and from command and control to self-regulation
13.1.4 From technological to managerial
13.2 Environment-oriented innovation and ecodesign
13.3 Why use product-oriented environmental management systems?
13.4 Case study of a truck manufacturer
13.4.1 Introduction
13.4.2 The product development process and ecodesign
13.4.3 Towards a model of product-oriented environmental management systems
13.4.4 Consequences of the product-oriented environmental management system at company T
13.5 The future of product-oriented environmental management systems
13.5.1 Conclusions from the experience at company T
13.5.2 Other case studies
13.6 Conclusions

14. Tools for ecodesign and sustainable product design
Ursula Tischner, econcept, Germany
14.1 Key aspects of sustainable design
14.2 The product development and design process
14.3 Tools for sustainable design and ecodesign
14.3.1 Analysis of environmental strengths and weaknesses
14.3.2 Priority setting and selection of the most important potential improvements
14.3.3 Implementation: provision of assistance for idea generation,
design and draft specification
14.3.4 Co-ordination with other important criteria: cost-benefit analysis and economic feasibility studies
14.4 Example of a development process using ecodesign tools
14.4.1 Definition of goal and scope
14.4.2 Developing first ideas
14.4.3 Research and compilation of environmental data sheets
14.4.4 Developing a detailed design
14.4.5 Final evaluation
14.4.6 Realisation and market launch
14.5 Conclusions

15. Green marketing
Michael Jay Polonsky, University of Newcastle, Australia
15.1 Why green marketing?
15.2 Levels of green marketing
15.3 Green marketing strategies and tactics
15.3.1 Targeting
15.3.2 Green pricing
15.3.3 Green design and product development
15.3.4 Green positioning
15.3.5 The greening of logistics
15.3.6 The marketing of waste
15.3.7 The greening of promotion
15.3.8 Green alliances
15.4 Implications for green marketing
15.5 Conclusions


Part 3: Case Studies

16. Maximising environmental quality through EcoReDesign^TM
John Gertsakis, RMIT University, Australia
16.1 EcoReDesign^TM case study: an ecologically advanced dishwasher
16.1.1 Background, drivers and key players
16.1.2 The partnership and the EcoReDesign^TM process
16.1.3 Difficulties in hindsight
16.1.4 Beyond the EcoReDesign^TM Dishlex demonstration project
16.2 Conclusions

17. Telework and the triple bottom line
Braden R. Allenby, AT&T and Columbia University, USA, and Deanna Richards, private consultant, USA
17.1 Telework: an overview
17.2 Telework and the 'triple bottom line'
17.2.1 Economic factors
17.2.2 Environmental factors
17.2.3 Social factors
17.3 Impediments to telework
17.4 Conclusions

18. The unpredictable process of implementing eco-efficiency strategies
Jacqueline Cramer, Cramer Environmental Consultancy and Erasmus University, Netherlands, and Ab Stevels, Technical University of Delft and Philips Consumer Electronics, Netherlands
18.1 The promise and potential of eco-efficiency
18.2 Strategic environmental product planning within Philips Consumer Electronics
18.3 Catalysts for eco-efficiency improvements at the start of the brainstorming sessions
18.4 Eco-efficiency brainstorming sessions and their impact on product development
18.4.1 The monitors business group
18.4.2 The audio business group
18.4.3 The television business group
18.5 Conclusions

19. Environmental technologies and their business drivers
Andrew Baynes, Christian Ridder and Lutz-Günther Scheidt, Sony International (Europe) GmbH
19.1 Implementing environmental technologies at Sony
19.1.1 Technologies to reduce the consumption of material and energy resources during the production process
19.1.2 Technologies to reduce hazardous emissions fromproduction or products
19.1.3 Technologies that reduce energy and material use during the use phase of the product
19.1.4 Technologies and services that contribute to product lifetime extension
19.1.5 Technologies and services that contribute to the re-use of components and the recycling of components and materials
19.1.6 Technologies that fulfil the same needs with radically new, less harmful solutions
19.2 Conclusions and comments

20. 'Awareness': sustainability by industrial design
Philip Thompson, Electrolux Industrial Design Centre, UK, and Chris Sherwin, Cranfield University, UK
20.1 Background
20.1.1 Ecodesign at Electrolux
20.1.2 Sustainability by industrial design
20.1.3 Ecodesign and industrial design
20.2 The collaborative process
20.2.1 The design project
20.2.2 Aims and responsibilities
20.3 Workshop process
20.3.1 Workshop tools and methods
20.3.2 The design brief: a partnership of awareness
20.4 The design process
20.4.1 Approach
20.5 The product concepts
20.5.1 The smart sink
20.5.2 The datawall
20.5.3 The cooker
20.5.4 The chest freezer
20.5.5 Light plants
20.5.6 Passive coolers
20.5.7 The portion projector
20.5.8 The kitchen ecosystem
20.6 Conclusions
20.7 Discussion and implications

21. Sustainable product design and resource management at the Kambium Furniture Workshop
Holger Rohn, Trifolium-Sustainable Management Consulting, Germany, and Angelika von Proff-Kesseler, Kambium Furniture Workshop Inc., Germany
21.1 Ecodesign and resource management
21.2 Ecodesign at the Kambium Furniture Workshop
21.3 Results and conclusions
22. Manufactum: sustainability as an elementary part of the marketing concept Uli Burchardt, Manufactum Hoof & Partner KG, Germany
22.1 Can an economic enterprise be sustainable?
22.2 Examples of sustainability aspects within the Manufactum concept
22.3 Benefits for manufacturers
22.4 Alternative avenues: developing Manufactum's own products
22.5 Limits to growth
22.6 Manufactum: the beginning of the wind of change?
22.7 Conclusions

23. Hess Natur: acting for the world of tomorrow. Resource management in the textile chain
Katharina Paulitsch, Hess-Natur-Textilien GmbH, Germany
23.1 Successful in the eco-niche
23.2 Milestones on the way to sustainable solutions in textiles
23.2.1 Certified organic cotton for a cleaner environment
23.2.2 Declaration for transparency
23.2.3 Long-life products as a sustainability strategy
23.2.4 Factor 4 Plus: resource management in the textile chain
23.2.5 Offering a service instead of mass-producing goods
23.3 Conclusions

24. The development of Climatex Lifecycle^TM: a compostable, environmentally sound upholstery fabric
Albin Kaelin, Rohner Textil AG, Switzerland
24.1 Design vision
24.1.1 Product redesign for nature
24.2 The marketing and communication system
24.2.1 The US market concept
24.2.2 European market concept
24.3 The path towards a sustainable company
24.4 Conclusions

25. Slow consumption for sustainable jobs: the example of hand-crafted shoes
Christine Ax, Institut für Produktdauerforschung, Germany
25.1 Custom-made shoes: a product-oriented ecological evaluation
25.2 Custom-made shoes: preserving resources in the workplace
25.3 The shoemakers' trade: future challenges
25.4 Shoemakers using new technologies go on market . . .
25.5 Slow consumption for growthless jobs
25.6 Summary and conclusions

26. Micro enterprises, lay design and sustainable innovation
Luiz E.C. Guimaraes, Universidade Federal da Pariba, Brazil, and Fred Steward, Aston Business School, UK
26.1 The role of sustainable product development in micro and small firms in less industrialised countries
26.2 The 'ecobroom'
26.3 Implications
26.4 Conclusions and recommendations

27. Carving in Kenya
Diego Masera, EU Micro-Enterprises Support Programmeand Ecodesign Consultant
27.1 Carving out a future
27.2 Sustainable product development implementation
27.3 Some initial results
27.4 Conclusions

Useful websites
Bibliography
List of Abbreviations
Author Biographies
Index