Ozone Connections Expert Networks in Global Environmental Governance Penelope Canan


	Ozone Connections Expert Networks in Global Environmental Governance Penelope Canan, The International Institute for Environment and Enterprise and Department of Sociology, University of Denver, USA, and Nancy Reichman, Department of Sociology, University of Denver, USA Foreword by Dr Mostafa Tolba 288pp \| 234 x 156mm \| Hardback ISBN 1 874719 40 3 \| £40.00 US$75.00 \| March 2002

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IT IS DIFFICULT to think of a more significant example of international co-operation to address a problem that threatened the health and wellbeing of the entire planet than the 1987 Montreal Protocol for the Elimination of Ozone-Depleting Substances. This breakthrough in international environmental governance has proved to be an extraordinary success beyond rhetoric or promises. In a dozen years, this international agreement went from an understanding of the need to act in a precautionary manner for mutual benefit to a successful worldwide effort to eliminate chemical substances harmful to our protective ozone layer. The production and consumption of most ozone-depleting substances has now been phased out in developed countries, with developing countries not far behind. What happened and why is of tremendous importance for those looking for guidance in the future, particularly those now involved in hugely complicated negotiations on climate change. The success of the Montreal Protocol has been linked to many factors such as political will, treaty flexibility and the recognition of equity issues raised by developing countries. While comprehensively analysing all of these success factors, Ozone Connections goes on to suggest that a social organisation of global governance as typified by the protocol's Technical and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) was a unique - but replicable - decisive factor. The book argues that we need to understand how the implementation of complex global environmental agreements depends on the construction and exploitation of social connections among experts who act collectively to define solutions to environmental problems. This highly original and provoking thesis synthesises some of the more exciting social science concepts and methods, while refining our basic understanding of environmental social change and providing policy-makers with concrete success factors to replicate. This book will be essential reading for academics in the fields of sociology, political science, international relations, network studies, human communication, motivation, collaboration and leadership, as well as the burgeoning interdisciplinary field of environmental studies. Businesses will also find many applications for practical use. Finally, the many directly transferable lessons from ozone layer protection make this book a key addition to the growing literature on climate change. In an era of globalisation—where issues of distinct social, human and cultural capital seem to be blurred, where real participation and honest camaraderie seem to be dwindling—here come the two authors to chart a path based on the significance of all these factors, reminding us to keep watching that they do not slip out of our hands . . . a marvellous job. Mostafa K. Tolba President, International Centre of Environment and Development (ICED) Former Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The success of the efforts to phase out use of the ozone-depleting substances in thousands of industries owes significantly to the dedicated network of more than 500 experts, from around the world, of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) of the Montreal Protocol. Penelope Canan and Nancy Reichman present a penetrating analysis of how this network has been built up and sustained. The analysis has valuable lessons to offer to any organisation venturing to solve global problems. K.M. Sarma Former Executive Director of the Montreal Protocol Secretariat In the final analysis, the implementation of environmental treaties depends on the effort, motivation and commitment of the people involved. Canan and Reichman offer a fascinating and innovative analysis of the evolution of one particular community and its impact on the operation of the Montreal Protocol. Anyone interested in the human side of environmental agreements should read this book. Duncan Brack Head, Energy and Environment Programme, The Royal Institute of International Affairs Considering the many excellent accounts given of the successful ozone story, I did not think it possible to add much new insight. This book clearly shows I was wrong. It is a fascinating and mostly untold story of the real-world possibilities and constraints facing key people in the making and implementation of ozone policy. Steinar Andresen Professor of Political Science, University of Oslo and senior researcher at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute Back to the Top Contents List of figures and tables Foreword Mostafa Tolba, President, International Centre of Environment and Development (ICED); Former Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Acknowledgements 1. Introduction DOWNLOAD OR VIEW THIS CHAPTER ONLINE The ‘early days’ of ozone-layer protection: Jay Baker’s story The Suely Carvalho story: global worker, global citizen The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol Perspectives on studying global environmental governance A comment on collaborative regulation From epistemic communities to reflexive regulation and communities of practice On combining quantitative and qualitative approaches Organisation of the book 2. The Montreal Protocol: a most remarkable treaty Background The progression toward international co-operation on ozone-layer protection The significance of informal consultation Mostafa Tolba: at the intersection of history, biography and personality The institutional structure of the Montreal Protocol Overcoming the ‘uncertainty’ problem Financed technology transfer established the conditions for global partnerships 3. Networks in the ozone-layer regime Communities as social systems The ozone regime as a social system of networks The ozone policy network The ozone programme network The ozone project network The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel: the bridging network Independence of the assessment panels The actors Funding Committee work Summary and conclusions 4. Social capital in action Social capital and the building of strategic information alliances Who are the participants? They came endowed with capital Human capital Knowledge English fluency Communication skills Social capital: networks and connections Cultural capital Commitment to the production and distribution of knowledge Expediency norms Can-do attitude Summary The personal rewards of capital investment: or, what have the participants become? The new global consultant 5. Committee connections Measuring connections Influence sets Mapping network connections Structural embeddedness Relational embeddedness Leadership Satisfaction with the process Conclusions 6. Socialisation in the ozone community Commitment as a factor in socialisation Committee work as the locus of socialisation processes Conclusions 7. Institutional entrepreneurs Defining a new institutional space Enrolling and inspiring others Credibility through performance Affirming the new institiutional space Rewarding incremental success through public recognition Conclusions 8. Lessons learned The new institutional space created by the Montreal Protocol The social relationships that facilitated implementation Independence of the assessment process The right participants Networks provide flexibility, swift communication and diffusion Rewarding participation Leadership matters Some spin-off benefits of the success of the Montreal Protocol Lessons particularly pertaining to climate change Lessons for questions of governance Bibliography Sources Appendix 1: Methodology Appendix 2: Interviewees Appendix 3: Survey questionnaire List of abbreviations Index