January 2003 | 216pp | 234 x 156mm | Hardback
ISBN 1 874719 44 6 | £35.00 US$65.00

 

Preface
 

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Eco-services as a collective term for innovative approaches
1.2 Results of implementation to date
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Chapter 2
Research questions and methodology
 

Chapter 3
Definition of the research topic
3.1 Eco-services
3.2 Service types examined

3.2.1 Use-oriented services

3.2.1.1 Rental
3.2.1.2 Leasing
3.2.1.3 Hire purchase
3.2.1.4 Sharing
3.2.1.5 Pooling

3.2.2 Result-oriented services
 

Chapter 4
The situation in Austria, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands
4.1 Use-oriented services

4.1.1 Individual use: renting

4.1.1.1 Types of contracts and conditions
4.1.1.2 State of the art
4.1.1.3 State of implementation of environmentally oriented renting concepts
4.1.1.4 Summary

4.1.2 Individual use: leasing

4.1.2.1 Types of contracts and conditions
4.1.2.2 State of the art
4.1.2.3 State of implementation of environmentally oriented leasing concepts
4.1.2.4 Summary

4.1.3 Joint use: sharing and pooling

4.1.3.1 Types of contracts and conditions
4.1.3.2 Legislation
4.1.3.3 State of the art
4.1.3.4 State of implementation of sharing and pooling
4.1.3.5 Summary

4.2 Result-oriented services

4.2.1 Contracting

4.2.1.1 Legislation
4.2.1.2 Types of contracts and conditions
4.2.1.3 State of the art
4.2.1.4 Summary
 

Chapter 5
Fields of action for property-independent consumption
5.1 Material flows in households
5.2 Distribution of expenses in private households
5.3 Conclusions
 

Chapter 6
Analysis of fields of action
6.1 Use of cars

6.1.1 Forms and criteria of car pooling
6.1.2 Economic aspects

6.1.2.1 The car-pooling market
6.1.2.2 Economic viability of car pooling
6.1.2.3 Employment and qualification requirements
6.1.2.4 User costs and the role of the charge structure
6.1.2.5 Size of market potential
6.1.2.6 How can the market potential be tapped into?
6.1.2.7 Conclusions

6.1.3 User-friendliness of car pooling

6.1.3.1 Reasons for using car-pooling schemes
6.1.3.2 Who uses car pools?
6.1.3.3 Satisfaction of car-pool users
6.1.3.4 Profile of potential users
6.1.3.5 When does a driver shift to car pooling?
6.1.3.6 Conclusions

6.1.4 Environmental effects of car pooling

6.1.4.1 Reduction in the number of cars
6.1.4.2 Reduction of mileage covered
6.1.4.3 Choice of car type according to mobility requirements
6.1.4.4 Capacity
6.1.4.5 Increase in diffusion of eco-efficient vehicles
6.1.4.6 Net eco-balance
6.1.5.7 Perspective

6.2 Washing

6.2.1 Forms and criteria of joint use

6.2.1.1 Two or more households sharing one or more washing machines
6.2.1.2 A laundrette supplying facilities for doing laundry as a service
6.2.1.3 Washing services offered by private companies
6.2.1.4 Discussion

6.2.2 Economic aspects

6.2.2.1 Market development and market structure
6.2.2.2 Cost-effectiveness
6.2.2.3 Cost to users
6.2.2.4 Effects on employment and on qualification requirements
6.2.2.5 Market potential

6.2.3 User-friendliness

6.2.3.1 User groups
6.2.3.2 Reasons for use of a laundrette, and user behaviour: a case study of Eco-Express laundrettes and a laundrette in Bilbao
6.2.3.3 Acceptance of communal laundry facilities in housing estates

6.2.4 Environmental effects of joint use

6.2.4.1 Comparison of different user types
6.2.4.2 Efficiency potential
6.2.4.3 Reducing the number of machines through intensified use
6.2.4.4 Opposite effects
6.2.4.5 Estimating possible environmental benefits

6.2.5 Perspectives

6.3 Do-it-yourself (DIY), DIY building and gardening

6.3.1 Forms and criteria of shared use
6.3.2 Economic aspects

6.3.2.1 Market situation in DIY stores
6.3.2.2 Cost situation
6.3.2.3 Employment
6.3.2.4 Market potential

6.3.3 Comfort and user behaviour

6.3.3.1 Reasons
6.3.3.2 User groups
6.3.3.3 Potential customers

6.3.4 Environmental effects of renting

6.3.4.1 Environmental benefits
6.3.4.2 Opposite effects
6.3.4.3 Assessment of eco-balance

6.3.5 Perspective

6.4 Online applications

6.4.1 Types of online application

6.4.1.1 Applications on the Internet
6.4.1.2 Case study: directory enquiries

6.4.2 Economic aspects

6.4.2.1 Structure of the market

6.4.3 Market potential
6.4.4 Comfort
6.4.5 Environmental aspects
6.4.6 Outlook for online applications

6.4.6.1 Overall results of the case study
6.4.6.2 Possibilities for the Internet
6.4.6.3 Opportunities for eco-services in the domain of online applications

6.5 Energy services

6.5.1 Forms of shared use of heating and hot-water systems

6.5.1.1 Property relations in residential buildings

6.5.2 Economic aspects

6.5.2.1 Development of energy and water consumption
6.5.2.2 Energy services offered to households
6.5.2.3 Potential service providers
6.5.2.4 Employment effects
6.5.2.5 Market potential

6.5.3 User-friendliness

6.5.3.1 Users’ values and consumption patterns
6.5.3.2 Individual and shared systems
6.5.3.3 Conclusions from the case studies

6.5.4 Environmental effects

6.5.4.1 Environmental effects of solar boilers
6.5.4.2 Substitution of fossil fuel consumption in Spain

6.5.5 Perspectives

6.5.5.1 Strategies for promoting energy services
6.5.5.2 Advantages of property-independent use

6.5.6 Conclusions

6.6 Renting of sports equipment at tourist destinations

6.6.1 Forms and characteristics of shared use
6.6.2 Economic aspects

6.6.2.1 Market and employment situation of sports equipment producers and distributors
6.6.2.2 Supply and demand for sports equipment
6.6.2.3 Financial aspects from the consumer’s perspective
6.6.2.4 Market potential

6.6.3 User-friendliness of renting

6.6.3.1 Who rents equipment?
6.6.3.2 User behaviour
6.6.3.3 Target groups

6.6.4 Environmental effects

6.6.4.1 Reduction potential
6.6.4.2 Possible range of shared use
6.6.4.3 Life-span versus period of use
6.6.4.4 Effects of transport

6.6.5 Perspectives

6.6.5.1 Co-operation and additional services
6.6.5.2 User groups and consumer acceptance
 

Chapter 7
Opportunities for eco-services: outlook
7.1 Two households
7.2 Environmental benefits on a micro and macro level

7.2.1 Environmental benefits on a micro level
7.2.2 Environmental benefits on the macro level

7.2.2.1 Car pooling
7.2.2.2 Washing
7.2.2.3 Online applications
7.2.2.4 DIY
7.2.2.5 Skiing
7.2.2.6 Solar boilers

7.3 Consumer preference

7.3.1 Availability of product or service directly at home
7.3.2 Time efficiency
7.3.3 Living standards and costs
7.3.4 Additional features
7.3.5 Special circumstances
7.3.6 Status symbols and the consumers’ identification with the product
7.3.7 Availability of space at home
7.3.8 Summary

7.4 The service providers’ perspective

7.4.1 Offering extra value to the consumer
7.4.2 Size of target group
7.4.3 Organisational change
7.4.4 Investments and risks
7.4.5 Optimal utilisation
7.4.6 Summary

7.5 Framework conditions

7.5.1 Car pooling
7.5.2 Washing
7.5.3 Online applications
7.5.4 DIY
7.5.5 Solar boilers in households
7.5.6 Skiing
7.5.7 Summary
 

Chapter 8
Conclusions and recommendations
8.1 Opportunities from the environmental point of view
8.2 Opportunities from the consumer’s point of view
8.3 Opportunities from the service provider’s point of view
8.4 Outlook
8.5 Framework conditions



Bibliography
List of abbreviations
Author biographies

 

 

	Siegfried Behrendt is co-ordinator of the ‘Ecologic Economic Research’ programme at the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment (IZT), Berlin. The main focus of his work is on future studies and the analysis of sustainable products and services in the economy and society.
	Christine Jasch is founder and director of the Vienna Institute for Environmental Management and Economics (IÖW). She studied political economy, business administration and agriculture and works as an independent tax advisor and certified public accountant in Vienna.
	Jaap Kortman is a member of the management team of IVAM, University of Amsterdam. IVAM supports clients with research and consultancy aimed at the implementation of sustainable solutions in business and society. He is manager of two departments: sustainable building and chain management.
	Gabriele Hrauda has from 1987 worked as a freelance biologist, since 1990 in close contact with the Vienna Institute for Environmental Management and Economics (IÖW). Her work covers research studies and expert reports in the field of eco-balances and life-cycle assessment.
	Ralf Pfitzner was from 1995 to 1999 project manager at the Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment (IZT), Berlin, and conducted various projects in the field of eco-design, eco-services and life-cycle assessment. He is currently working as senior consultant at KPMG in Cologne.
	Daniela Velte is partner and senior researcher at Prospektiker European Institute for Futures Studies and Strategic Planning in the Basque Country. Her current working areas include energy and environmental research, especially related to futures studies.